您的位置: 首页 » 法律资料网 » 法律论文 »

克隆人:在人的视角下的一种评说/黄忠

时间:2024-07-06 15:06:42 来源: 法律资料网 作者:法律资料网 阅读:9903
下载地址: 点击此处下载
克隆人:在人的视角下的一种评说

黄 忠
(西南政法大学,重庆400031)


[摘 要]:人的价值是第一位的。并且人应当始终作为目的而存在,而不能沦为工具。 克隆人技术的运用,将人的唯一性予以突破,使人的生命的有限性被打破了,其结果是淡化了人的价值。而且克隆人技术所能做的仅仅是复制出一个肉体的人,却对精神的人以及人所赖以存在的那个社会无能为力。因此,克隆人技术是不应当被允许的。
[关键词]:克隆人技术 唯一性 有限性 精神 社会

尼采说:上帝已经死了。此后,人的至高无上的地位被不断地予以确认。至今,人的生命、尊严已被公认为是第一位的价值追求。由此,一切问题,无论是政治的、经济的、抑或文化的,甚至是科学技术上的皆须从人的视角加以分析和阐释,方有价值。如此,本文认为,对于克隆人的讨论自当也是概莫能外的。换言之,对于克隆人技术是是非非的讨论都要最终落脚到对人的终级关怀上。
一、 唯一的人不能克隆
经典作家曾谓:人是世间最可宝贵的东西。我们认为,这种宝贵性很大程度上是决定于人的唯一性。换言之,正因为人与人的不同,每个人都是唯一的存在,都有自己的特殊之处,所以我们才说人之宝贵。
从哲学的观点出发,反对克隆人技术的所有理据的基础便在于人的唯一性。因为每个人都是唯一的,因而对这种神圣的“唯一性”的任何突破都可以被视为为是对人至高无上价值的贬损。依常识,可以替代的东西,即使宝贵,那也是有价的。比如,商品。唯有不可替代的东西,方可称其为宝贵,因为它是无价的。譬如,人的生命,以及在此基础上的尊严、感情。
但是,假使人可以复制,那在此时,人将与商品无异。果如此,那么真是“一切固定的东西都烟消云散了,一切神圣的东西都被亵渎了”(引自:《共产党宣言》)因为一旦作为万物灵长的人可以通过某种技术手段加以复制时,一个直接的后果就是从根本上消灭了人与人的差异性,由此,作为个体的人的唯一性也就不复存在了,进而,人的宝贵性也必将会荡然无存。这决非是“狼来了”的幼稚谎言,也不是的杞人忧天的危言耸听,而是确确实实的必然结果!在一个克隆人技术盛行的时代,我们再也无需担心他人的安危冷暖,因为假使我们的亲朋好友遭遇不幸之时,我们大可不必为之伤心痛苦,我们完全可以向上帝之外的另一个“造物主”祈求,请求二十一世纪的“上帝”还他(她,当然更有它)一个来生。至此,人类几千年来的涅?、死而复生的幻想果真是实现了。但梦想是如愿以偿了,可结果却决非所愿。正如上文所述,人的唯一性不复存在的那一天也就是人的宝贵性丧失的那一天。
梦想成真的日子倒成了一个恶梦的开始。这绝对是一个天大的讽刺。而这出闹剧的唯一导演却又是我们自己——丧失理性的人类自己。
二、 有限的人不能永恒
先须说明的是这里所谓的“有限的人不能永恒”,仅仅是指物质的人。著者深信:精神的人是能得以永恒的,而且正是由此人类的文明才能绵延不断。
转回正题,如果说人的唯一性是使他人感受到自己的宝贵,自己的价值,从而让社会中的每个人都能相互珍惜、互相关爱;那么人的生命的有限性则是使自己认识到自己生命的宝贵和价值,从而让我们每一个人都能善待自己,并能珍惜和享受生命。
存在主义的先驱海德格尔“向死而存”的理论正是从阐发死亡的意义中来认识生命的本质和人的价值的。他指出,死是生命的本质意义:唯有死的可能,才使生显示出其意义,包括存在与创造的意义,死亡贯穿于生命的历程,死亡不止是生命的终端,而且是向死的存在。概言之,死亡的存在或者说人生命的有限性突显了人生命的价值和意义,生命的有限性不断激发着我们要在有限的生命中作无穷的努力。
然而,克隆人技术却是在根本上对之的反动。它以技术的手段复制着人的生命,使人在肉体上得以永恒,它不仅仅是开启了人类长生不老的幻想之门,其最终的恶果是很可能导致淡化人的价值,使人轻视、贬抑自身的价值,并引发践踏生命的恶劣行径。
三、 灵魂的人“无以复制”
必须看到,即使是在未来有那么一天,克隆人技术的发展完备、成熟,我们仍然有怀疑的余地。如果说作为肉体的人可以运用技术加以复制,但灵魂上的那个人却是无法克隆的。
人的存在决不单单是一个肉体或者说是物质的存在,人在很大程度上是一种精神的存在。人区别与动物不仅仅在于其能直立行走,抑或能制造和使用工具(当然在此我无意怀疑这两点在人类进化史上的重要性),更在于其能思考,是一种能创造文化,缔造文明的生物。必须认识到,血脉相承中所谓的“血”决不仅仅是生物学意义上的血液,它应该更是一种浸透着道德、法律,历史、现实等诸多因素的综合构成。
但是,这种精神层面的存在却是为技术所无能为力的。因为我们知道,精神的东西是历史的、主观的。就其历史性而言,作为历史长河中的每一个人,都要受着传统的影响。而这种影响又要以切身体验为前提,它是一个不断实践、不断积累的过程。就其主观性以言,我们知道主观的东西是不能用技术的手段进行拟制的。依马克思主义的观点,物质与意识的关系是复杂的。物质决定意识不假,但在很大程度上,意识又有相对独立性。它的存在有自己的规律性。
所以,事实就是,在技术上所复制的那个人,并非真正意义上的人,至少不是一个精神健全的人。它至多是一个纯粹肉体的存在。因而,它不具备人成其为人的基本内核??精神价值。尤其是考虑到中国的传统文化,就更是如此。
中国的儒家经典一向认为人之所以区别于一般生物,正在于其精神的一面。不论孟子的舍身取义(见《告子章句上》),或旬子的“水火有气而无生,草木有生而知,禽兽有知而无义;人有气、有生、有知,而且有义,故最为天下贵也。”(语出《王制》)都说明在中国人的传统认识里,人的存在主要是精神(义)的存在。丧失了灵魂的人必将与禽兽无异。
四、 社会的人无法复制
鼓吹克隆人技术的论者认为,克隆人技术可以为某些无生殖能力的人,或因意外丧失亲友的人提供帮助。这应是人类的福音。
果真如此吗?我们认为人是个体的人,更始社会的人。人的生存、发展须叟离不开社会。社会为人的成长、成才、成功提供了基本条件,因而我们在思考问题,进行判断时,不仅要考虑单个的人,更应注意到人所赖以生存的那个社会,尤其是在我们这个价值观念已经有个人本位向社会本位移转的今天。
如此一来,我们不难发现,克隆人技术所能做得也只是复制出一个物质的人,而对于这个人所赖以生存的那个社会却不能有任何的作为。地球只有一个。人类的生存空间是有限的。鉴于此,我们对于即使是有生育能力的夫妇也提倡计划生育。当然对于那些无生育能力的夫妇而言,我们也未曾要剥夺其生儿育女的权利,不允许他们又属于自己的孩子,因为除了克隆技术外,我们还可以用辅助人工生殖技术帮助他们实现愿望,何况,我们的现行法律也未对领养孩子完全禁止。
五、 技术的可能性与应当性
康德说:“人是目的,人在任何时候都要被看成是目的,永远不能只看作是手段。”(引自《道德形而上学原理》)克隆人技术和历史上把奴隶当成工具一样,也是对人的目的性的反动,都是把人从目的降为工具,使人成为一种工具性的存在,因此是反人类的行径。
目前,无论是国际社会,还是各国政府,大多认为:应当禁止人类的克隆生殖。早在1997年联合国教科文组织就在《世界人类基因工程与人权宣言》中明确规定:“与人类尊严相抵触的做法,例如人体的生殖性克隆,不予允许。”之后,美国 、英国、法国、德国以及我国政府都以法律或政府文件的形式宣布:不允许克隆人实验。
的确,在人的神圣光环下,任何一种技术都须予以严格审查,都须要用是否最终有利于人的生存和发展的标准予以判断和选择。质言之,一切与人的尊严、价值相左的东西都应该接受检讨。
必须清醒的认识到,技术本身不是目的,人才是目的。技术上可能的不一定都应当去做。在做与不做之间一个基础性的抉择原则就是能否维护和拓展人的尊严和价值。
至此,一个当然的结论便是:在人的神圣光环下,克隆人技术是不应被允许的。



作者简介:黄忠(1982—),男,浙江淳安人,毕业于对外经贸易大学国际经济与贸易专业,现为西南政法大学硕士研究生。主要从事法学基础理论及民商法学的学习与研究。
E-mail:lawofchina@126.com



国务院关于鼓励台湾同胞投资的规定(附英文

国务院


国务院关于鼓励台湾同胞投资的规定(附英文

1988年7月3日,国务院

第一条 为促进大陆和台湾地区的经济技术交流,以利于祖国海峡两岸的共同繁荣,鼓励台湾的公司、企业和个人(以下统称台湾投资者)在大陆投资,制定本规定。
第二条 台湾投资者可以在大陆各省、自治区、直辖市、经济特区投资。
鼓励台湾投资者到海南省以及福建、广东、浙江等省沿海地带划定的岛屿和地区从事土地开发经营。
第三条 台湾投资者在大陆可以下列形式进行投资:
(一)举办台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业;
(二)举办合资经营企业、合作经营企业;
(三)开展补偿贸易、来料加工装配、合作生产;
(四)购买企业的股票和债券;
(五)购置房产;
(六)依法取得土地使用权,开发经营;
(七)法律、法规允许的其他投资形式。
第四条 台湾投资者可以在大陆的工业、农业、服务业以及其他符合社会和经济发展方向的行业投资。台湾投资者可以从各地方人民政府有关部门公布的项目中选择投资项目,也可以自行提出投资项目意向,向拟投资地区对外经济贸易部门或者地方人民政府指定的审批机关申请。
国家鼓励台湾投资者投资举办产品出口企业和先进技术企业,并给予相应的优惠待遇。
第五条 台湾投资者在大陆投资举办拥有全部资本的企业、合资经营企业和合作经营企业(以下统称台胞投资企业),除适用本规定外,参照执行国家有关涉外经济法律、法规的规定,享受相应的外商投资企业待遇。
台湾投资者在大陆进行其他形式的投资,以及在大陆没有设立营业机构而有来源于大陆的股息、利息、租金、特许权使用费和其他所得,除适用本规定外,也可以参照执行国家有关涉外经济法律、法规的规定。
第六条 台湾投资者可以用可自由兑换货币、机器设备或者其他实物、工业产权、专有技术等作为投资。
第七条 台湾投资者在大陆的投资、购置的资产、工业产权、投资所得利润和其他合法权益受国家法律保护,并可以依法转让和继承。
台湾投资者在大陆的活动应当遵守国家的法律、法规。
第八条 国家对台湾投资者的投资和其他资产不实行国有化。
第九条 国家根据社会公共利益的需要,对台胞投资企业实行征收时,依照法律程序进行并给予相应的补偿。
第十条 台湾投资者投资获得的合法利润,其他合法收入和清算后的资金,可以依法汇往境外。
第十一条 台胞投资企业在其投资总额内进口本企业所需的机器设备、生产用车辆和办公设备,以及台胞个人在企业工作期间运进自用的、合理数量的生活用品和交通工具,免缴进口关税、工商统一税,免领进口许可证。
台胞投资企业进口用于生产出口产品的原材料、燃料、散件、零部件、元器件、配套件,免缴进口关税、工商统一税,免领进口许可证,由海关实行监管。上述进口料件,如用于在大陆销售的产品,应当按照国家规定补办进口手续,并照章补税。
台胞投资企业生产的出口产品,除国家限制出口的外,免缴出口关税和工商统一税。
第十二条 台胞投资企业可以向大陆的金融机构借款,也可以向境外的金融机构借款,并可以本企业资产和权益抵押、担保。
第十三条 台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业,经营期限由投资者自行确定;合资经营企业和合作经营企业,经营期限由合资或者合作各方协商确定,也可以不规定经营期限。
第十四条 合资经营企业董事会的组成和董事长的委派、合作经营企业董事会或者联合管理机构的组成和董事长或者联合管理机构主任的委派,可以参照出资比例或者合作条件由合资或者合作各方协商决定。
第十五条 台胞投资企业依照经批准的合同、章程进行经营管理活动。企业的经营管理自主权不受干涉。
第十六条 在大陆投资的台胞个人以及台胞投资企业从境外聘请的技术和管理人员,可以申请办理多次入出境的证件。
第十七条 台湾投资者在大陆投资可以委托大陆的亲友为其代理人。代理人应当持有具有法律效力的委托书。
第十八条 在台胞投资企业集中的地区,台湾投资者可以向当地人民政府申请成立台商协会。
第十九条 台湾投资者在大陆投资举办合资经营企业、合作经营企业,由大陆的合资、合作方负责申请;举办台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业,由台湾投资者直接申请或者委托在大陆的亲友、咨询服务机构等代为申请。台湾投资者投资举办企业的申请,由当地对外经济贸易部门或者地方人民政府指定的审批机关统一受理。
台胞投资企业的审批,按照国务院规定的权限办理。各级对外经济贸易部门或者地方人民政府指定的审批机关应当在收到全部申请文件之日起45天内决定批准或者不批准。
申请人应当在收到批准证书之日起30天内,按照有关登记管理办法,向工商行政管理机关申请登记,领取营业执照。
第二十条 台湾投资者在大陆投资因履行合同发生的或者与合同有关的争议,当事人应当尽可能通过协商或者调解解决。
当事人不愿协商、调解的,或者协商、调解不成的,可以依据合同中的仲裁条款或者事后达成的书面仲裁协议,提交大陆或者香港的仲裁机构仲裁。
当事人没有在合同中订立仲裁条款,事后又没有达成书面仲裁协议的,可以向人民法院起诉。
第二十一条 本规定由对外经济贸易部负责解释。
第二十二条 本规定自发布之日起施行。

PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE ENCOURAGEMENT OFINVESTMENTS BY COMPATRIOTS FROM TAIWAN

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF
INVESTMENTS BY COMPATRIOTS FROM TAIWAN
(Adopted by the Tenth Executive Meeting of the State Council on
June 25, 1988, promulgated by Decree No. 7 of the State Council of the
People's Republic of China on July 3, 1988, and effective as of the date
of promulgation)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated in order to promote economic and
technological exchanges between China's mainland and the region of Taiwan,
thereby boosting common prosperity of the two parts of the motherland on
both sides of the Straits, and to encourage companies, enterprises and
individuals on Taiwan (hereinafter referred to as "investors from Taiwan")
to make investments on China's mainland.
Article 2
Investors from Taiwan may make investments in all provinces, autonomous
regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and special
economic zones on China's mainland.
Investors from Taiwan are encouraged to engage themselves in land
development operations in Hainan Province and on the designated islands
and in areas along the coastal regions of the Provinces of Fujian,
Guangdong and Zhejiang.
Article 3
The investments made by investors from Taiwan on China's mainland may take
the following forms:
(1) to establish enterprises with the capital wholly owned by investors
from Taiwan;
(2) to establish equity or contractual joint ventures;
(3) to carry out compensation trade, to process supplied materials, to
assemble supplied parts, and to carry out contractual production;
(4) to purchase shares and various kinds of bonds and debentures of
existing enterprises;
(5) to purchase real estate;
(6) to obtain land use right according to law and to engage in land
development operations; and
(7) to adopt other forms of investment permitted under the laws and
regulations.
Article 4
Investors from Taiwan may make investments in various trades in China's
mainland: industries, agriculture, service trades, and other trades that
are in conformity with the orientation of social and economic development.
Investors from Taiwan may select investment projects from the lists of
projects published by the departments concerned under various local
people's governments; they may also put forward, of their own accord,
proposals as to their investment intent and file their applications to the
departments of foreign economic relations and trade or to the examining
and approving organs designated by various local people's governments in
areas where they intend to make investments.
The State encourages investors from Taiwan to make investments in the
establishment of export oriented enterprises and of technological advanced
enterprises and gives corresponding preferential treatment to such
enterprises.
Article 5
With respect to the various types of enterprises established with
investments by investors from Taiwan - enterprises with the capital wholly
owned by investors from Taiwan, equity and contractual joint ventures
(hereinafter referred to as "enterprises with investments by compatriots
from Taiwan"), they shall all be operated in accordance with these
Provisions; in addition to this, they may also enjoy the corresponding
preferential treatment as enjoyed by enterprises with foreign investments
with reference to the relevant provisions in foreign-related economic
laws, decrees and regulations of the state.
With respect to the other forms of investment made by investors from
Taiwan on China's mainland, and with respect to those investors from
Taiwan who have not set up business offices on the mainland, but have
dividends, interest, rental, royalties and other incomes that come from
China's mainland, in addition to the application of these Provisions,
reference shall be made to the relevant foreign-related economic law,
decrees and regulations.
Article 6
Investors from Taiwan may make investments by using freely convertible
currencies, machinery and equipment or other physical goods, industrial
property right, and proprietary technology.
Article 7
The investments made on China's mainland by investors from Taiwan, the
assets they have purchased, their industrial property rights, their
profits from investments, and other lawful rights and interests shall be
protected by state laws, and may be transferred or inherited according to
law.
Investors from Taiwan shall, in their activities on China's mainland,
abide by state laws, decrees and regulations.
Article 8
The state shall not nationalize the investments made by investors from
Taiwan or other assets belonging to them.
Article 9
Where the state, in light of the needs of social and public interest, has
to requisition the enterprises with investments by compatriots from
Taiwan, the State shall handle the requisitioning according to the legal
procedures and the investors concerned shall be duly compensated.
Article 10
The lawful profits gained by the investors from Taiwan from their
investments, their other lawful income and the funds after liquidation may
be remitted out of China's mainland according to law.
Article 11
Machinery and equipment imported to meet the needs of the enterprises with
investments by compatriots from Taiwan and included in the total amount of
investment, the motor vehicles for use in production, the office
equipment, as well as the articles and means of communications for
personal use and within reasonable quantities, imported by individual
compatriots from Taiwan during the period when they work in the aforesaid
enterprises shall be exempted from Customs duties and consolidated
industrial and commercial tax, and also from application of import
licences.
The raw and processed materials, fuels, bulk parts, spare and component
parts, primary parts, and fittings, which are imported by the enterprises
with investments by compatriots from Taiwan for the production of export
commodities, shall all be exempted from Customs duties and consolidated
industrial and commercial tax and also from obtaining import licences, and
placed under the supervision of the Customs. In case that the aforesaid
imported raw materials and parts are used for the production of
commodities to be sold on the market of China's mainland, it is imperative
to make up the procedures for importation and to pay taxes and duties
according to the regulations. The export commodities produced by the
enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan shall, with the
exception of those commodities the export of which is under restriction by
the state, be exempted from Customs duties on export goods and
consolidated industrial and commercial tax.
Article 12
Enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan may obtain loans
from financial institutions of China's mainland; they may also obtain
loans from financial institutions outside China's mainland, and may use
their assets as well as their rights and interests as mortgage or
security.
Article 13
With respect to the enterprises with the capital wholly owned by investors
from Taiwan, their period of operation shall be determined by the
investors themselves; as to equity and contractual joint ventures their
period of operation shall be determined, through consultation, by the
various parties to the ventures, they may also choose not to stipulate a
period of operation.
Article 14
The composition of the board of directors of equity joint ventures and the
appointment of the chairman of the board of directors, the composition of
the board of directors or of the joint managerial organs of contractual
joint ventures and the appointment of the chairman or the appointment of
the director of the joint managerial organs, shall be determined, through
consultation, by the various parties to the equity or contractual joint
ventures in light of the proportion of investments or the terms of
contract.
Article 15
Enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan shall conduct
their operational and managerial activities in accordance with the
approved contract or articles of association. The enterprises' decision-
making power for business operations and management shall not be
interfered with.
Article 16
The technical and managerial personnel, engaged by individuals and
enterprises investing on China's mainland may apply and obtain multiple-
journey travel documents.
Article 17
The investors from Taiwan, who make investments on China's mainland, may
appoint their relatives or friends residing on the mainland as their
agents. The agents should hold legally effective letters of authority.
Article 18
In areas where enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan are
concentrated, the investors from Taiwan may apply to the local people's
government for the establishment of the association of investors from
Taiwan.
Article 19
With respect to equity and contractual joint ventures to be established,
on China's mainland, with investments by investors from Taiwan, the
application for the establishment of the aforesaid enterprises shall be
filed by the mainland party; as o the enterprises to be established with
capital wholly owned by investors from Taiwan, the application shall be
filed directly by the investors from Taiwan themselves, or they may
entrust their relatives or friends residing on the mainland, or entrust
the institution providing advisory services, with the application. The
applications for the establishment of enterprises with investments by
investors from Taiwan shall be accepted and handled, in a unified manner,
by the local department for foreign economic relations and trade, or by
the examining and approving organs designated by the local people's
government. Cases concerning the examination and approval of the
application for the establishment of enterprises with investments by
compatriots from Taiwan shall be handled in accordance with the authority
prescribed by the State Council. Departments for foreign economic
relations and trade at various levels or the examining and approving
organs designated by the local people's government shall, within forty-
five days of receipt of complete application documents, make the decision
on whether the said application is approved or disapproved.
The applicants shall, within thirty days receipt of the written approval,
file an application to the department for the administration of industry
and commerce, and, in accordance with the relevant procedures for
registration and administration, go through the procedures for
registration and obtain business licences.
Article 20
With respect to the investors from Taiwan who have made investments in
China's mainland, in case that a dispute arises during the execution of,
or in connection with, a contract, the parties concerned shall try their
best to settle the dispute through consultation or mediation.
Where the parties concerned are unwilling to settle the dispute through
consultation or mediation, or the consultation or mediation has failed,
the parties concerned may, in accordance with the stipulation of the
arbitration articles in the contract, or in accordance with the written
arbitration agreement reached by the parties concerned after the dispute
has arisen, submit their dispute to the arbitration authorities on China's
mainland or in Hong Kong for settlement.
In the event that the parties concerned did not include an arbitration
article in their contract, and on written arbitration agreement has been
reached after the dispute has arisen, then the dispute may be brought
before the people's court.
Article 21
The right to interpret these Provisions resides in the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade.
Article 22
These Provisions shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.


关于铁路运输企业深化安全基础建设搞活用工和分配的意见

铁道部


关于铁路运输企业深化安全基础建设搞活用工和分配的意见
铁道部



搞活铁路运输企业用工和工资分配是深化安全标准线建设的客观需要,是落实“建线”外美内实,以内实为本的关键环节。为进一步促进安全标准线建设,确保铁路运输安全,现就铁路运输企业搞活用工和工资分配提出以下意见:
一、建立人员能进能出的用人机制。各单位要本着减员增效的原则,坚持职工总量控制,通过挖潜调剂进行补员。确因缺员需要使用临时工、劳务工的,应做到“先培训,后就业”,取得拟用岗位所需的就业训练结业证或职业资格证书方可录用;对不直接涉及行车安全的工种岗位,要
尽量使用临时工、劳务工;临时工劳动合同期限不得超过一年,简单劳动和客运工作岗位累计签订合同一般不超过四年,技术性较强的工种累计签订合同一般不超过八年。
二、实行企业内部待岗制度。凡安全、业务技能考核不合格者;玩忽职守、违章作业,造成一般行车事故、职工死亡事故、路外伤亡事故之一的;违反劳动纪律,迟到、早退、旷工、消极怠工,影响运输生产安全的;有吸毒、嫖娼、赌博等行为的;均应列入内部待岗人员范围。待岗期
间按照不低于当地政府规定的生活费标准发给生活费。
三、发展内部劳动力市场。分局以上单位均可建立内部劳动力市场,负责待岗人员的管理,强化安全行车知识和业务技能培训,组织劳务输出,引入竞争上岗机制,对不符合上岗条件的要实行内部待岗制度,促进人员合理流动。
四、强化用工管理。运输安全责任要作为一项主要内容在劳动合同中予以明确,并严格按照劳动合同加强管理。因玩忽职守、违章作业,造成重大行车事故、重大职工死亡事故、路外重大伤亡事故之一的;严重违反劳动纪律,经常迟到、早退、旷工、消极怠工,影响安全生产等,经教
育受到处分后仍不改正错误的;因吸毒、嫖娼等违法行为被公安机关收容教育的;均应解除劳动合同。对临时工、劳务工因考核不符合上岗条件的,要按合同规定,解除劳动合同或辞退。
五、积极推进内部工资分配的改革。工资分配要重点向安全责任大、技术要求高的工种、岗位倾斜。职工技能工资的正常晋升,一定要严格专业技能的考试、考核,不合格者坚决不予晋升。
六、积极推广以计件工资为主的多种分配形式。要坚持按劳分配、多劳多得的原则,打破平均主义、大锅饭,拉开分配差距。强化定额、定员基础管理工作,保持定额、定员标准的先进性,为搞活内部工资分配提供科学的依据;在单位的工资分配中加大对安全的考核力度,重点考核单
位的安全卡控措施执行情况及行车安全设备的质量;加大对职工个人收入分配与安全生产的考核力度,制定各工种岗位安全考核指标,将影响安全的因素分解细化、严格考核,做到人人有指标,个个担负安全责任。各单位内部工资分配的捆挂数额,要达到职工工资收入的60%以上。
七、强化人员培训和考核。1997年内要对在岗职工进行一次全面的培训和考核。考核的内容按照安全标准线建设的要求,突出安全行车知识和技能。凡考核不合格者一律不准上岗。要积极推广一专多能、兼职兼岗的做法。
八、强化工班长和行车主要工种人员的管理。要做好工班长的培养、选拨和任用工作,建立工班长预备制和竞争上岗制度。对业绩平平、管理不严、问题较多的工班,其工班长要坚决免职。对行业主要工种,特别是客车乘务人员,要按照思想素质好,工作责任心强,业务技术精等条件
选拨配备。要加强对行车主要工种后续人员的培养。
九、实行安全否决制度。对因违章违纪导致险性以上事故责任者,实行安全否决制度,在一定时限内不得晋升技术等级、行政职务、技术职务,也不得晋升技能工资和评比先进。对发生责任行车重大、大事故的单位要扣罚单位主要负责人和主管领导的奖金及工资。对造成行车事故的责
任人,应根据事故等级、损失和影响扣罚其部分工资收入。
十、加强用工和工资分配的监督、检查和指导。各单位要结合深化用工和工资分配制度改革,加强监督、检查和指导工作,重点突出职工“两纪一化”。凡发生违章违纪行为,不按照标准化作业的,应视情节轻重限期整改或待岗,直至解除劳动合同。对因违章违纪造成责任事故的,还
应按责任事故经济有限赔偿办法进行处理。



1996年12月31日